Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy
type: channel
description: Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy (JECA) is the official publication of the Society of Experimental and Clinical Anatomists of Nigeria (SECAN). Prior to 2025, the Journal usually published two issues per year (June and December). From 2025, the Journal publishes four issues per year (quarterly: March, June, September and December). JECA publishes articles on problems and issues in experimental and clinical anatomy. Scope: The journal accepts for publication, high standard-containing reports or original scientific researches in the areas of morphology, mechanical functioning and development of man and animals as well as novel experimental procedures. The scope of the journal embraces articles of human and comparative anatomy, developmental anatomy, biomechanics, histology and cytology, histochemistry/ immunohistochemistry, neuroscience and functional aspects of anatomical sciences. As a publication with background in pure and applied research, the journal recognizes the importance of descriptive studies in the morphological aspects of molecular, cellular, systems and evolutionary biology. Clinical updates and case reports relating to consequences of disruption of cells, tissues or organ architecture are acceptable for publication.
publisher: Society for Experimental and Clinical Anatomists of Nigeria
language: en
publication name: Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy
issn: 1596-2393
items: Comparing the Decay Rates of Cardiac and Renal Tissues: A Histo-Taphonomical Approach in Estimating Postmortem Interval Using Swine Models
items: Ethanol Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis Attenuates Stress-Induced Prefrontal Cortical Damage by Reducing Lipid Peroxidation and Corticosterone Level in Adult Wistar Rats
items: Comparative Evaluation of Decalcifying Agents and Temperature Conditions for Optimal Histological Processing of Mineralized Tissues
items: Anthropometric Parameters, Obesity, and Socio-Demographic Correlates Among Secondary Schoolteachers in Northern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Hematologic Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Wistar Rats
items: Incidence of Birth Defects from Selected Hospitals in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria
items: Anthropometric Assessment of Auricular Shapes and Dimensions among Students of University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Nigeria
items: Histomorphological effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the Heart of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
items: Acetaminophen-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Oxidative Stress and Renal Function Impairment in Wistar Rats
items: Rotenone-Induced Changes in Hippocampus Structures: Caffeine Emergence as a Potential Bedrock Remedy of Parkinson’s Disease
items: Assessment of Decomposition rates and patterns of Sus scrofa remains deposited in different Micro-environments of Southern Guinea Savannah of Okuku, Cross River State, Nigeria
items: Differential Effects of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Norethisterone Enanthate on Some Metabolic and Cardiovascular Parameters in Hausa Women of Kano Metropolis
items: Assessing the Hepatic Effect of Common Antiasthmatic Medications (Montelukast, Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, and Salbutamol) in a Sprague Dawley Rat Model of Asthma
items: Neuroprotective Effect of Aqueous Leaves Extract of Psidium guajava on the Dentate Gyrus Following Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) Exposure in Adult Male Wistar Rats
items: Mitigating Hypothalamic Oxidative Stress: The role of Tannin extract of Cyperus esculentus Tuber on Lead Acetate-exposed Wistar rats
items: Phytochemical screening of Ethanol Extract of Myristica fragrans and its effects on the Histoarchitecture of the Ventral Tegmental Area of adult male Wistar Rats
items: Predictive Accuracy of Bigonial Width and Mandibular Arch Length in Stature Estimation among Adult Indigenes of Cross River State, Nigeria
items: Effects of Anthropometric Indices of Truncal Adiposity on Sonomammographic Breast Parenchymal Patterns among Hausa Women With Breast Mass Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano
items: Histological Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Potentials of Methanol Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats
items: Estimation of Stature from Lower Limb Measurements among Individuals of Efik Ethnicity, South-South Nigeria
items: enal Biomarker and Histological Effects of Salbutamol, Montelukast, Prednisolone, and their Combination in Asthmatic Rats
items: Radiological Assessment of the Anterior and Middle Cerebral Artery Branching Patterns in Stroke Patients at Afe-Babalola Multi System Hospital, Ado Ekiti
items: Comparative histomorphologic and histomorphometric Study of the Hippocampus of African Giant Rats and Wistar Rats
items: Adiposity Indices and Depression Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Evaluating Predictive Utility beyond Body Mass Index
items: Impact of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure on Neurodevelopmental Indices, Cerebellar and Placenta Morphology in Wistar Rats
items: Histological and Hormonal Changes of Methanol Seed Extract of Azanza Garckeana on the Uterus of Wistar Rats
items: Human Brain Weight in Relation to Age and Gender among the Autopsies at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
items: Assessment of Asymmetry in Thalamic Nuclei volume in Nigerian Parkinson's Disease Patients
items: Tubo-Ovarian (Adnexal) Ectopic Gravidae: Comparative Analysis of 2 Cases
items: Toxicity effects of energy drinks in combination with alcohol on the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats

Comparing the Decay Rates of Cardiac and Renal Tissues: A Histo-Taphonomical Approach in Estimating Postmortem Interval Using Swine Models
type: item
description: Introduction: Predicting the time of death is one of the focal things when carrying out medico-legal investigations. Aim: This study investigated the histo-taphonomic decomposition rates between the heart and kidney using porcine models for the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI). Methods: This study comprised of sixteen (16) healthy male pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) euthanized using cervical blunt force trauma. The tissues were eviscerated and kept in an enclosed building for a period of 5 days. The tissues were obtained at varied post-mortem intervals of 0, 2, 6 and 10 hours respectively for day one, day two to five, tissues were taken three times daily (morning, afternoon and evenings) 102 hours after death. Fixed in Bouin’s fluid for 6hours and transferred to 70% ethanol, the tissues were further processed and stained with H&E and viewed in a light microscope of 100x magnification. Results: These results showed that between 0 to 6 hours, the heart had normal cardiomyocytes. By 10 hours, separation of cardiomyocytes, gradual shrunken nuclei, and sparse areas of vacuolated myocytes and interstitial edema. Followed by myofiber waviness, edema, early eosinophilia, pyknosis of myocardia nuclei and fibrocyte and neutrophilic influx after 18 hours. Between 24-102 hours, the heart showed coagulative necrosis of myocyte nuclei, neutrophilic influx and continuous shrunken nuclei. Meanwhile, the kidney between 0-2hours showed normal renal micro-architecture but after 6-hours, chromatin condensation, shrunken nuclear proximal convoluted tubules and the distal convoluted tubules cellular swelling and cytoplasmic dissolution in distal convoluted tubules and followed between 10-18 Hours: anucleations, cellular ruptured bowman’s space, cellular detachment, overall sloughing which persisted from 24 hours to 102 with increasing severity. Conclusion: These findings showed more rapid decomposition rate in kidney compared to the heart, which makes organ-specific analyses a must …
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Histo-taphonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Postmortem Interval
  topic: keywords
subject: Decomposition rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Heart
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney
  topic: keywords
creator: M. E. Nandi
creator: P. S. Ogbonnaya
creator: V. C. Agbatah
creator: E. O. Okpam
creator: B. C. Nwaru
creator: A. Ito
creator: B. O. Oshiepu
creator: P. I. Aniah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 686
ending page: 696
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.10

Ethanol Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis Attenuates Stress-Induced Prefrontal Cortical Damage by Reducing Lipid Peroxidation and Corticosterone Level in Adult Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Stress has been recognized as a risk factor for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders due to its ability to induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage in vital brain regions. Aim: This study investigated the effects of ethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis (ELENL) on stress-induced neuronal damage in the prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats weighing between 150 to 200g were randomized into six groups of five rats each. Group 1: Control (distilled water, 2ml/kg), Group 2: (Chronic unpredictable mild Stress, CUMS, only), Group 3: (Stress + fluoxetine, 20mg/kg), Group 4: (CUMS + ethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis 300mg/kg), Group 5: (CUMS+ ethanol leave extract of Newbouldia laevis 450mg/ kg), Group 6: (Stress + ethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis 600mg/ kg). Newbouldia laevis extracts were administered orally for three weeks (21 days) once daily during the stress period, approximately 30 minutes before stress exposure. At the end of the treatment, the animals were humanely euthanized. Brain tissue were harvested for biochemical assessment of corticosterone and oxidative stress biomarkers, and processed for light microscopy. Results: Biochemical analysis for oxidative markers revealed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the ethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis (ELENL) administered groups when compared to group II. A significant increase in dopamine (DA) level in Control (distill water), fluoxetine and CUMS+ELENL (450mg/kg) treated groups, when compared to CUMS only group and a statistical significant (p<0.05) decrease in corticosterone level was observed in control distil water, CUMS+ELENL (450 mg/kg) and CUMS+ELENL (600mg/kg) treated groups when compared to CUMS only group. Pyknotic and vacuolations were observed in the CUMS only group as compared to the ELENL treated groups. Conclusion: The ethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis shows amelio…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Newbouldia laevis
  topic: keywords
subject: Chronic unpredictable mild Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: dopamine
  topic: keywords
subject: malonialdehyde
  topic: keywords
subject: vacuolations
  topic: keywords
creator: S. Abba
creator: P. E. Oodo
creator: C. O. Atodo
creator: S. O. Anawo
creator: O. A. Omiremi
creator: I. V. Atim
creator: I. J. Momoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 679
ending page: 685
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.9

Comparative Evaluation of Decalcifying Agents and Temperature Conditions for Optimal Histological Processing of Mineralized Tissues
type: item
description: Introduction: Decalcification is a critical step in histological preparation of bony tissues, influencing the quality of subsequent microscopic analysis. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different decalcifying agents under varying temperature conditions to identify the optimal protocol for high-quality histological outcomes. Methods: About 20 rib samples for this study was obtained from 10 cadavers at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. For each decalcifying agent of Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Formic acid and Trichloroacetic acid, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% concentrations were prepared from the stock solutions. The effectiveness of each condition was evaluated using the following key metrics: decalcification duration, ease of section cutting, staining intensities for nuclear and cytoplasmic stains, and preservation of osteoblast lining. Each decalcifying agent was tested at a different temperature (10°C, 27°C, 37°C, and 40°C). Tissue sections were stained using the Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. Results: Decalcification at low acid concentrations (2.5–5%) and lower temperatures (10°C) was slow, taking up to 23 days, but preserved tissue integrity, with 70–75% osteoblast lining retention and strong nuclear/eosin staining. Higher acid concentrations (7.5–10%) and elevated temperatures (37–40°C) accelerated decalcification to 2–3 days but reduced tissue quality, lowering osteoblast preservation to 54–60% and staining intensity. Sectioning was moderately easy at low concentrations and temperatures but became effortless at higher concentrations and temperatures. Overall, slower decalcification favoured histological detail, whereas rapid decalcification compromised tissue morphology.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bony tissues
  topic: keywords
subject: bone decalcification
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitric acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrochloric acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Formic acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Trichloroacetic acid
  topic: keywords
creator: A. B. Ajileye
creator: S. P. Otegbade
creator: A. I. Akinsete
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 667
ending page: 678
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.8

Anthropometric Parameters, Obesity, and Socio-Demographic Correlates Among Secondary Schoolteachers in Northern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Introduction: Obesity has emerged as a significant public health issue worldwide, contributing to non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Among occupational groups, secondary schoolteachers are particularly vulnerable due to prolonged sedentary activities and limited physical exercise. Aim: This study aimed to assess anthropometric parameters and obesity among secondary schoolteachers in Northern Nigeria. Methods: The study was descriptive, cross -sectional study using a multi-stage sampling, conducted among 432 (275 males and 175 females) secondary schoolteachers working in public and private secondary schools in Kano. Socio-demographic data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and anthropometric parameters were also collected. The data were summarized using descriptive statistics and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The prevalence of general obesity and overweight, based on body mass index was 6.7% and 24.1%, while that of central (abdominal) obesity were 12.5%, 12.0%, and 18.3% using waist circumference, waist-hip-ratio and waist-height-ratio respectively. The Findings indicated significant sexual dimorphism exists in BMI, Waist Circumference (WC), Hip Circumference (HC), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), and Body Adiposity Index (BAI) (p < 0.05). The association between socio-demographic characteristics and obesity using chi-square test revealed that gender and education level were significantly associated with BMI. However, age, marital status and income level did not show statistically significant associations with BMI. Conclusion: The study revealed a relatively low prevalence of obesity among secondary schoolteachers in Northern Nigeria, though a significant proportion were overweight. Notable gender differences in anthropometric indices were observed, with females exhibiting higher obesity-related measurements.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teachers
  topic: keywords
subject: Obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: Post-fuel subsidy
  topic: keywords
creator: A. I. Khalifa
creator: M. Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 658
ending page: 666
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.7

Hematologic Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Damage to the brain’s vasculature and parenchyma contributes to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which triggers secondary effects, including edema, inflammation, and hyper excitability. Delayed responses to TBI include neovascularization, impaired cerebral blood flow, glial cell dysfunction, and cell degeneration. Aim: This study aimed to examine the hematologic effects of traumatic brain injury in adult wistar rats. Methods: Eighty (80) adult wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (A–E). Group A served as control. Groups B, C, D and E were induced traumatic brain injury with 50g, 100g, 150g, and 200g weights respectively using Marmarou method. 2ml of blood was collected from the medial orbital cantus a week before the trauma to establish a baseline and subsequently at 5 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, and 21 days post-trauma. Results: The results of hematology showed a decrease in red blood cells count and its differentials across all traumatized groups at every interval compared to the control group. In contrast, platelet counts, white blood cells, and its components increased in all traumatized groups at every interval compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that TBI significantly affects the overall blood count.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hematology
  topic: keywords
subject: Traumatic brain injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Wistar rats
  topic: keywords
creator: I. I. Ozor
creator: M. C. Ebuoh
creator: P. N. Ani
creator: A. U. Okoli
creator: C. C. Uzoefuna
creator: V. I. Ugwu
creator: C. V. Ugbor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 654
ending page: 657
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.6

Incidence of Birth Defects from Selected Hospitals in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria
type: item
description: Introduction: The occurrence of birth defects has been reported in various parts of the Nigeria. Certain regions within Nigeria however still lack details on the accurate number of birth defect cases occurring within their location. Aim: The current study was designed to determine the incidence of birth defect cases in newborn children in Abuja within a specific period. Methods: This study was retrospective study. Data was obtained from patient’s folders in each of the respective hospitals. Data was presented in table and Chi-square was used to calculate the level of significance. Results: The frequency of birth defects was seen to higher in males when compare to the females within the specified period of study. The most common birth defect recorded was the neural tube defect followed by the Down’s syndrome. Conclusion: The data recorded in this study consistently showed a higher occurrence of birth defects in more males than females. This information is important for health care providers in various programs conducted to enlighten young women and expectant mothers on birth defects.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Birth defects
  topic: keywords
subject: Retrospective
  topic: keywords
subject: Frequency
  topic: keywords
subject: Abuja
  topic: keywords
creator: S. Enyioma-Alozie
creator: C. C. Wali
creator: G. G. Akunna
creator: U. H. Danazumi
creator: O. P. Oluwayinka
creator: V. C. Muoghalu
creator: F. A. Om'Iniabohs
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 649
ending page: 653
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.5

Anthropometric Assessment of Auricular Shapes and Dimensions among Students of University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Introduction: The human auricle is unique in every individual in terms of shape, size and dimension and therefore is of relevance for identity determination in a forensic setting. Aim: The study was aimed at assessing the shapes and dimensions of the auricles among students of University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Nigeria. Method: The sample comprised of 300 students, 127 male and 173 female subjects with ages ranging from 16-25 years. Auricular height and width and lobular height and weight of both auricles were measured using a digital venier caliper. The data obtained for the auricular dimension were analyzed using Statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: The results showed that the mean auricular height were 5.36 ±4.16 and 5.24±3.61 for the male and female subjects respectively with the male auricular height being significantly greater than the female auricular height (p=0.00016). Similarly, the mean auricular width was significantly greater in male when compared to that in female (2.99 ±3.31 versus 2.82±3.18; p=0.00000001). The mean lobular width, auricular and lobular indices also differed significantly between both gender, higher values in males for all three variables (1.38±7.99 versus 1.28±2.15, p=0.035; 5.59±4.98 versus 5.39±5.72, p=0.0001 and 8.07 ±9.77 versus 7.87± 9.83, p=0.014) . An evaluation of symmetry in auricular and lobular dimensions showed significant variations only in auricular height (p=0.029) and lobular width (p=0.039) between the right and left sides, mean values for the right being relatively higher. The distributions of auricular shapes studied were; 57%, 23.67%, 10.33% and 9%, for oval, round, triangular and rectangular-shaped respectively. These results support the findings that sexual dimorphism exists in auricular dimensions. However, there was no association between auricular shapes and gender.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Auricular shapes
  topic: keywords
subject: Auricular dimensions
  topic: keywords
subject: anthropometry
  topic: keywords
subject: measurements
  topic: keywords
subject: students
  topic: keywords
creator: G. O. Oluwatunase
creator: B. J. Leko
creator: R. S. Osaat
creator: E. E. Okunola
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 643
ending page: 648
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.4

Histomorphological effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the Heart of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system, which is characterized by long standing hyperglycemia that results from defects in insulin secretion or action or both, whereas DM has been found to be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Aim: The study was aimed to investigate the effects of Vernonia amygdalina on the cardiac tissues of Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Methodology: Thirty-six adults male Wistar rats weighing between 180 - 200 g were used for this study. The rats were randomly assigned into six groups (A-F) of six rats each. Group A rats were administered citrate buffer solution (1 ml/kg) and fed on standard laboratory rat chow throughout the period of the experiment. Groups B, C, D and F were fed on constituted High Fat Diet (HFD) for eight weeks and Streptozotocin administered (35 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 5 days. Groups C and D received 250 and 500 mg/kg of ELEVA for three weeks respectively, while Group F rats were given 2 IU/kg body weight of insulin intraperitoneally for three weeks. Group E rats were fed on constituted High Fat Diet for eight weeks after which extract of Vernonia amygdalina was administered (250 mg/kg) orally for three weeks before diabetes induction. The rats were sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia. The hearts of the animals were completely excised, and weighed. The hearts were fixed for 24 hours and later grossed. Statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results revealed diabetic group showed a distorted histoarchitecture of the cardiomyocytes, in group B rats with many degenerating atrophic and apoptotic cardiac cells. The low dose ELEVA treated group revealed both healthy and degenerating cardiac and inflammatory cells present while the high dose ELEVA group, showed more of healthy than degenerating cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: ELEVA has ameliorative potential on the histoarchitectural deran…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Heart
  topic: keywords
subject: Vernonia amygdalina
  topic: keywords
subject: Wistar rats
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: Histomorphology
  topic: keywords
creator: B. E. Arayombo
creator: B. A. Solomon
creator: M. S. Ige
creator: S. A. Arayemi
creator: A. E. Arayombo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 634
ending page: 642
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.3

Acetaminophen-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Oxidative Stress and Renal Function Impairment in Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic, but its potential for extrahepatic toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity, remains a concern. Aim: To evaluate the dose-dependent nephrotoxic effects of APAP on renal function and oxidative stress biomarkers in Wistar rats. Methods: 20 Male Wistar rats weighing 150 - 200g divided into four groups, were administered APAP at three doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg bw). Biochemical analyses measured oxidative stress markers—malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT)—and renal function indicators (serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, BUN). Histopathological examination of kidney tissues was also conducted. Results: APAP administration induced a significant, dose-dependent increase in MDA levels, indicating elevated lipid peroxidation. Concurrently, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, CAT) were significantly depleted. Renal function was impaired, evidenced by dose-dependent elevations in serum creatinine and BUN. Histopathological analysis confirmed progressive glomerular damage and vascular congestion correlating with higher APAP doses. Conclusion: APAP-induced nephrotoxicity is mediated through oxidative stress, characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion, leading to renal structural and functional impairment. These findings underscore the need for cautious APAP use and further research into protective strategies against renal damage.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Acetaminophen
  topic: keywords
subject: Nephrotoxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal function
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathology
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Y. Solomon
creator: F. T. Akinfenwa
creator: A. D. Abue
creator: A. J. Aniah
creator: P. A. Odey
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 628
ending page: 633
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.2

Rotenone-Induced Changes in Hippocampus Structures: Caffeine Emergence as a Potential Bedrock Remedy of Parkinson’s Disease
type: item
description: Introduction: The prevalence surrounding Parkinson’s disease (PD) is quite alarming, over 12 million of people are projected to be living with PD globally by 2040 and there is no definitive gold standard therapy to date. The major challenge in PD research is effective therapy without side effect, as the administrations of available therapy are accompany by severe complications. Aim: In response to this challenge, we assessed the effect of caffeine on CA2 region of hippocampus of rat model of PD induced by rotenone. Methods: The total of fifty (40) rats weighing 190-220g were used for this study, and the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, each containing of 8 rats: Control group (non-pelletized feed and clean water), Rotenone treated group (3 mg/kg body weight of rotenone intraperitoneally [ip]), Pre-treated group (30 mg/kg body weight of caffeine for 10 days, then 3 mg/kg body weight of rotenone for 20 days, both ip), Post-treated group (3 mg/kg body weight of rotenone for 10 days, then 30 mg/kg body weight of caffeine for 20 days both ip), Caffeine treated group (caffeine-only treated with 30mg/kg, ip for 30 days). Results: The findings revealed a significant (p<0.05) as caffeine reversed the pathological features associated with rotenone induced PD such as reduction in body weight and relative brain weight, deficit in neurobehavioral assay coupled with neurohistopathological features homologous to those observed in PD, involving neuronal degeneration, demyelination, degeneration of Nissl corpuscles and cell body likewise significant loss of astrocytes in CA2 hippocampal region in rotenone treated groups. Conclusion: In summary, caffeine mitigate the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampus by modifying weight changes, degeneration of neuronal nuclei, myelinated nerve fibers, Nissl corpuscles and cell body, likewise modulating the degeneration and density of astrocytes, subsequently mounting caffeine’s neurotherapeutic potential in PD studies.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parkinson’s disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Hippocampus
  topic: keywords
subject: Rotenone
  topic: keywords
subject: Caffeine
  topic: keywords
creator: T. A. Adeyeye
creator: B. O. Osidele
creator: T. A. Yusuf
creator: B. R. Babatunde
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 616
ending page: 627
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i4.1

Assessment of Decomposition rates and patterns of Sus scrofa remains deposited in different Micro-environments of Southern Guinea Savannah of Okuku, Cross River State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Introduction: Decomposition dynamics are one of the most important aspects of forensic taphonomy, especially when it comes to the estimation of postmortem interval and thereby aiding criminal investigations. Aim: This research aimed at assessing decay rates and patterns of Sus scrofa domestica, across different microenvironments. Methods: This study comprised of fourteen (14) porcines, weighing between 34-35kg, all male, subjected to same mode of death (blunt force neck trauma), and immediately death was confirmed, Two carrions were kept in open surface naked and clothed one each, buried clothed and unclothed (5 each), one kept in water and the remaining one left inside the make shift house in the research facility for for 30 days duration to observe outcome of total body score and accumulated degree days. Results: The results showed that decomposition rates varied significantly (P<0.01) across micro-environments. The clothed surface carrion decomposed faster followed by housed, open earth surface naked, submerged, burial clothed and buried naked respectively, as recorded in TBS values. Oxygen availability, temperature, access by insects, and higher soil moisture, as well as adipocere development and maggot activity significantly influenced decay dynamics across micro-environments. Conclusion: This study outcome showed that different depositional environments impact differently on decay rates, which is very important to a forensic anatomist carrying out forensic investigations involving prediction of postmortem interval, biological profiling and disaster victim identification.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Decomposition
  topic: keywords
subject: Time of Death
  topic: keywords
subject: Sus scrofa
  topic: keywords
subject: Environment
  topic: keywords
creator: M. E. Nandi
creator: A. U. Ekanem
creator: C. C. Mbadugha
creator: R. A. Lawor
creator: E. G. Emmanson
creator: J. I. Ekpung
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 588
ending page: 599
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.17

Differential Effects of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Norethisterone Enanthate on Some Metabolic and Cardiovascular Parameters in Hausa Women of Kano Metropolis
type: item
description: Introduction and aim: Injectable contraceptives such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) and norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) are widely used in Sub-Saharan Africa. While reported to have effects on weight and altered glucose metabolism, their metabolic and cardiovascular effects remain underexplored in African populations. This study assessed these outcomes among women in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: A six-month longitudinal study was conducted among 85 Hausa women aged 15–49 years attending family planning clinics. Participants were new or continuing users of DMPA-SC or NET-EN, without chronic illnesses. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and total cholesterol (TC) were measured at baseline and six months. Paired Student’s t-tests were used, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Both DMPA-SC and NET-EN were associated with significant increases in FBG (p = 0.008 and p = 0.012, respectively) and TC (p = 0.004 and p = 0.027, respectively). NET-EN users had higher post-treatment FBG, whereas DMPA-SC users showed a more pronounced rise in TC, suggesting a greater potential atherogenic burden. Changes in BMI, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were modest and not statistically significant. No significant alterations occurred in the control group. Conclusion: Six-month use of DMPA-SC and NET-EN was linked to significant increases in FBG and TC among Hausa women in Kano, Nigeria. NET-EN exerted a greater effect on glucose, while DMPA-SC had a stronger impact on cholesterol, highlighting formulation-specific metabolic differences. BMI and blood pressure remained largely unchanged, indicating that early metabolic alterations may precede overt changes in adiposity or cardiovascular measures. Keywords: ; ;; ;
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Injectable contraceptives
  topic: keywords
subject: Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
  topic: keywords
subject: Norethisterone Enanthate
  topic: keywords
subject: fasting blood glucose
  topic: keywords
subject: total cholesterol
  topic: keywords
creator: T. A. Adewole
creator: A. S. Aliyu
creator: A. A. Gaya
creator: H. G. Bawa-Sani
creator: R. I. Fage
creator: A. Y. Asuku
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 582
ending page: 587
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.16

Assessing the Hepatic Effect of Common Antiasthmatic Medications (Montelukast, Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, and Salbutamol) in a Sprague Dawley Rat Model of Asthma
type: item
description: Introduction: Asthma is a chronic airway disease with systemic effects. While antiasthmatic drugs are essential for control, their hepatic impacts remain unclear. Aim: This study examined the effects of salbutamol, montelukast, prednisolone, and hydrocortisone on liver function in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Forty-two rats (180–250 g) were randomized into six groups: negative and positive controls, salbutamol (1 mg/kg/day oral), montelukast (10 mg/kg/day oral), prednisolone (3 mg/kg/day oral), and hydrocortisone (5 mg/kg/day i.p.). Groups 2–6 were sensitized with i.p. OVA (1 mg) and AlOH (20 mg) on days 1 and 7, followed by 1% aerosolized OVA twice weekly for 4 weeks. Treatments coincided with challenges. Blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological evaluation. Results: Montelukast significantly lowered serum ALT and AST compared with both controls (p<0.05), with no changes in ALP, bilirubin, or albumin. Total protein was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Histology revealed a normal liver in the negative controls, whereas the positive controls exhibited vascular ulceration, periportal edema, and inflammatory infiltrates. Salbutamol preserved vascular architecture with focal inflammation and Kupffer cell activation. Prednisolone and hydrocortisone induced mild periportal inflammation and vascular alterations. Montelukast-treated livers displayed periportal inflammatory infiltration, vasodilation, and Kupffer cell activation. Conclusion: Montelukast reduced liver enzyme levels, suggesting hepatoprotective potential, whereas salbutamol and corticosteroids caused mild hepatic changes. These results highlight differential hepatic effects of antiasthmatics, warranting further study.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drug-Induced Liver Injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Asthma
  topic: keywords
subject: Montelukast
  topic: keywords
subject: Corticosteroids
  topic: keywords
subject: Salbutamol
  topic: keywords
creator: O. E. O. Aloamaka
creator: C. N. Ighodaro
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 576
ending page: 581
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.15

Neuroprotective Effect of Aqueous Leaves Extract of Psidium guajava on the Dentate Gyrus Following Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) Exposure in Adult Male Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Neurodegenerative disorders remain a major challenge in medicine, with environmental toxins like aluminum contributing significantly to their pathogenesis. Aim: This study assessed the neuroprotective effects of Psidium guajava aqueous leaf extract (GLE) on the dentate gyrus following aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) exposure in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty rats were divided into six groups (n=5). Group I (control) received saline for 14 days. Group II received 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) AlCl₃ for 14 days. Group III and IV received 250 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW GLE, respectively, for 14 days. Group V and VI received 100 mg/kg BW AlCl₃ for 14 days, followed by 250 mg/kg BW or 500 mg/kg BW GLE for another 14 days. Oral administration was via cannula. Neurobehavioral tests (Morris water maze, Y-maze) were conducted before sacrifice. Brains were excised post-euthanasia, processed for biochemical assays, and examined histologically. Results: AlCl₃-only rats showed significant body weight reduction, prolonged escape latency, impaired spatial memory, elevated malondialdehyde, and reduced superoxide dismutase compared to control and GLE-treated groups (P<0.05). Histology revealed severe neuronal damage in the dentate gyrus of AlCl₃-only rats, while GLE-treated groups showed preserved cytoarchitecture comparable to control. Conclusion: GLE mitigated AlCl₃-induced neuronal damage in the dentate gyrus in a dose-dependent regimen.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psidium guajava
  topic: keywords
subject: Dentate gyrus
  topic: keywords
subject: Aluminum Chloride
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroprotection
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurodegeneration
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Y. Imam-Fulani
creator: S. M. Eze
creator: S. O. Ibrahim
creator: A. Abdulrauf
creator: A. Olawepo
creator: O. Olugbemi
creator: F. O. Hamzat
creator: A. T. Atoyebi
creator: I. A. Lawal
creator: A. O. Danwahab
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 566
ending page: 575
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.14

Mitigating Hypothalamic Oxidative Stress: The role of Tannin extract of Cyperus esculentus Tuber on Lead Acetate-exposed Wistar rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Lead (Pb) toxicity remains a significant environmental and public health concern, known to induce neurotoxic effects, particularly within the hypothalamus. Natural polyphenols, such as tannins, possess antioxidant properties that may counteract heavy metal-induced neuronal damage. Aim: This study investigates the protective potential of tannin extract of Cyperus esculentus root against lead acetate-induced hypothalamic toxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: A total of twenty Male rats weighing 180-200g were randomly assigned into four groups (n=5) and treated for an experimental period of 28 days. Group I (control) received normal saline only. Group II received lead acetate at 30 mg/kg body weight to induce hypothalamic toxicity. Group III received lead acetate and 50 mg/kg body weight of tannin extract. Group IV received lead acetate and 100mg/kg of tannin extract for 28 days. Tannin was extracted from Cyperus esculentus and administered concurrently with lead acetate. The next day after the last treatment period, blood samples were taken via retro-orbital puncture using a capillary tube and preserved in a non-heparinized Vacutainer for evaluation of the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Testosterone (TT), Follicle-Stimulating-Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing-Hormone (LH). Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the brains were dissected, and the hypothalamus tissues were harvested for histopathological and Immunohistochemical evaluation. Results: The Lead administered group resulted in a significant increase in the levels of MDA, SOD, and CAT. Neuronal degeneration was also observed in the same group, accompanied by altered levels of TT, FSH, and LH. Co-administration of tannin, particularly at 100mg/kg, markedly reduced lipid peroxidation, restored the MDA, SOD, and CAT activities. Moreover, preservation of the hypothalamic histoarchitecture was seen in the tannin-treated groups (groups III and IV). Concl…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cyperus esculentus
  topic: keywords
subject: Lead toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypothalamus
  topic: keywords
subject: Tannins
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroprotection
  topic: keywords
creator: L. A. Hassan
creator: G. E. Anyanwu
creator: F. O. Ojo
creator: S. B. Hasiya
creator: M. B. Muhammad
creator: T. Jacks
creator: E. Esom
creator: O. O. Omoola
creator: K. P. Folorunso
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 558
ending page: 565
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.13

Phytochemical screening of Ethanol Extract of Myristica fragrans and its effects on the Histoarchitecture of the Ventral Tegmental Area of adult male Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Myristica fragrans have been reported to have psychoactive properties due to the presence of myristicin one of its metabolites. This property has made it an attraction for teenagers and seamen to use it as a cheap source of recreational drug, thereby abusing it. Aim: The purpose of this research was to determine the secondary metabolites of ethanol seed extract of Myristical fragrans and to assess its effects on the histoarchitecture of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adult Wistar rats. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening were conducted to assess for secondary metabolites, while toxicological test was done to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing 130 gram to 150 gram were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each. Group I (control, received 2 ml/kg body weight of distilled water), Groups II, III and IV received ESMF (500 mg/kg body weight of extract; 1000 mg/kg body weight of extract, and 1500 mg/kg body weight of extract, respectively), group V received 1mg/kg body weight of methylphenidate drug. All administrations were done orally for 28 days. The rats were euthanized, brain tissues were harvested, fixated in neutral buffered formalin and processed for hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain for general histoarchitecture of the VTA, Cresyl fast stain for Nissl bodies and Imunohistochemical stain for BCl-2 reactivity. Results: Revealed the presence of secondary metabolites; alkaloids and phenolic compounds, and indicated that ethanol seed extract of Myristica fragrans at higher doses elicited neurodegenerative changes in the forms of necrotic nuclei, vacuolations and loss of Nissl substances seen as reduced staining intensity in ventral tegmental area of Wistar rats, and mild reactivity for BCl-2 proteins. Conclusion; Ethanol seed extract of Myristica fragrans contains secondary metabolites that elicited neurodegenerative changes in the VTA of male Wistar rats.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ventral tegmental area
  topic: keywords
subject: nutmeg
  topic: keywords
subject: myristicin
  topic: keywords
subject: apoptosis
  topic: keywords
subject: necrotic
  topic: keywords
creator: S. Abba
creator: S. A. Musa
creator: A. N. Agbon
creator: S. B. Oladele
creator: J. I. Momoh
creator: A. O. Okpanachi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 550
ending page: 557
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.12

Predictive Accuracy of Bigonial Width and Mandibular Arch Length in Stature Estimation among Adult Indigenes of Cross River State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Introduction: Estimation of stature is key in identifying a body, especially in forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology. Height estimates from various parts of the body are based on the knowledge that there is a proportional relationship between an individual’s height and their different body parts. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the predictive accuracy of mandibular measurements for estimating stature among adults in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: The population of this study included students and non-students in three senatorial zones (Central, North, and South) of Cross River State, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 600 individuals: 300 males and 300 females aged between 18 and 45 years old. The data gathered was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 19.0. Results: Sexual dimorphism was observed as the height, bigonial width, and length of the mandibular arch were significantly greater (p<0.01) in males than in females. The R2 from the regression formulae developed in this study showed very low prediction powers (0.016 - 0.055), though significant, and the standard errors of the estimate showed wide individual-level prediction intervals (6-8 cm = 12-16 cm at 95% confidence). Conclusion: The length of the mandibular arch and bigonial width should be used in conjunction with other variables for stature estimation for adults in Cross River State.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mandibular arch
  topic: keywords
subject: bigonial width
  topic: keywords
subject: stature estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross River State
  topic: keywords
creator: K. O. Arikpo
creator: B. Danborno
creator: J. A. Timbuak
creator: M. Tanko
creator: E. C. Umor
creator: R. I. Ofem
creator: R. A. Beshel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 545
ending page: 549
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.11

Effects of Anthropometric Indices of Truncal Adiposity on Sonomammographic Breast Parenchymal Patterns among Hausa Women With Breast Mass Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano
type: item
description: Introduction: Improving breast imaging and early detection techniques requires an understanding of how body fat distribution affects breast tissue structure. Although it has not been thoroughly studied in African women, truncal adiposity may affect the composition of breast tissue and the features of breast masses. Aim: This study was aimed at comparing anthropometric measures of truncal adiposity across various sonomammographic breast parenchymal patterns and breast mass types among Hausa women with breast mass attending Aminu Kano teaching hospital. Methods: One hundred Hausa women between the ages of 12 and 65 years participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements such as neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were taken. Drive indices such as body adiposity index (BAI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were Calculated. Breast parenchymal patterns were divided into three categories using sonomammography: Homogeneous fatty (Pattern I), Heterogeneous fibroglandular (Pattern II) and Homogeneous fibroglandular (Pattern III). One-way Analyses of variance was used to compare adiposity indices between breast mass categories and parenchymal types. Results: The most common patterns were Pattern II (38%), Pattern III (37%), and Pattern I (25%). Significant differences in adiposity indices were observed among the three parenchymal patterns (p < 0.05), with Pattern I consistently showing higher adiposity values. Similarly, WC and WHtR values were significantly higher for solid breast masses than for cystic or mixed masses. Conclusion: Breast parenchymal patterns and breast mass characteristics are significantly impacted by truncal adiposity. These results highlight how crucial it is to take body fat distribution into account when doing breast imaging and risk assessment for women in this group.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Truncal adiposity
  topic: keywords
subject: breast parenchyma
  topic: keywords
subject: sonomammography
  topic: keywords
subject: anthropometry
  topic: keywords
creator: M. O. Hassan
creator: A. A. Gaya
creator: A. S. Aliyu
creator: M. K. Saleh
creator: H. G. Bawa-Sani
creator: A. I. Yaro
creator: R. I. Fage
creator: A. A. Yusuf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 538
ending page: 544
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.10

Histological Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Potentials of Methanol Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels. It occurs due to either insufficient insulin production (Type 1) or insulin resistance (Type 2). Aim: This study aimed to assess the histological evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of methanol leaf extract of Carica papaya on beta cells in Alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty four Wistar rats were used for the experiment. Diabetes was induced using alloxan at a dose of 150mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. After 72 hours of induction, the blood glucose levels were measured using a fine test glucometer. Wistar rats with glucose levels ≥ 11 mmol/L were selected for further study. The Wistar rats were divided into six groups, with four rats in each group. Group A was non-diabetic and received no treatment. Group B was diabetic but received no treatment. Group C, D, E and F were diabetic and received 250mg/kg of metformin, 1000mg/kg bw, 2000mg/kg bw and 3000mg/kg bw of methanol leaf extract of Carica papaya respectively. The pancreas was harvested and processed for histological analysis. Blood glucose data were analyzed using repeated text measures, and the histological findings were presented as photomicrographs. Results: Methanol leaf extract of Carica papaya significantly lowered blood glucose levels (30.80 ± 13.16 to 15.93 ± 12.02) mmol/L, (35.00 ± 7.10 to 21.57 ± 6.98) mmol/L and (31.77 ± 5.60 to 14.20 ± 7.07) mmol/L in group D, E and F respectively. There was improved pancreatic islet architecture in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats with the greatest effect at 3000mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: Methanol leaf extract of Carica papaya significantly lowered blood glucose levels and improved pancreas Langerhans’ islet in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. This may suggest its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for diabetes management.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Histological
  topic: keywords
subject: Carica papaya
  topic: keywords
subject: Alloxan-induced Diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: Rats
  topic: keywords
creator: O. M. Mohammed
creator: A. O. Yahaya
creator: I. Mohammed
creator: U. Abubakar
creator: R. T. Isah
creator: A. Muhammad
creator: B. O. Onimisi
creator: J. M. Bunza
creator: Y. A. Isah
creator: I. Audu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 532
ending page: 537
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.9

Estimation of Stature from Lower Limb Measurements among Individuals of Efik Ethnicity, South-South Nigeria
type: item
description: Introduction: Stature estimation is a critical step in the development of a biological profile for human identification. The long bones of the lower limbs can be accurately used to identify an unknown individual in a population. Aim: This study aimed to estimate stature from the lower limb parameters of Efiks who are indigenous members of the southern senatorial zone of Cross River State, South-South Nigeria. Methods: The sample for this study consisted of 150 each of males and females who were selected randomly from the communities. The participants were between 12 and 45 years, and the measurements taken included height, foot length, foot breadth, thigh length, and leg length. Results: The mean values for stature and all measured anthropometric dimensions with the exception of thigh length, were significantly lower in females than in males (p < 0.01). The R2 (coefficient of determination) from the regression formulae developed in this study, showed that thigh length and leg length are the most powerful predictors of stature in males (42.3%) and females (44.5%), respectively. Conclusion: Lower limb dimensions are useful for estimating stature. The population- and gender-specific equations developed are useful for forensic analysis and in the identification of humans. Keywords: ; ; ; ; ;
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stature estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: lower limb dimensions
  topic: keywords
subject: forensic science
  topic: keywords
subject: anthropology
  topic: keywords
subject: Efik
  topic: keywords
subject: regression
  topic: keywords
creator: K. O. Arikpo
creator: B. Danborno
creator: J. A. Timbual
creator: M. Tanko
creator: R. A. Beshel
creator: R. I. Ofem
creator: E. C. Umor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 526
ending page: 531
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.8

enal Biomarker and Histological Effects of Salbutamol, Montelukast, Prednisolone, and their Combination in Asthmatic Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder increasingly recognized as a systemic disease with oxidative and metabolic consequences extending beyond the airways. The kidney, a key regulator of homeostasis, is particularly vulnerable to oxidative and inflammatory injury. Aim: This study investigated the renal effects of salbutamol, montelukast, prednisolone, and the combination of salbutamol/prednisolone in Sprague-Dawley rat model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. Methods: Forty-two rats were divided into six groups (n = 7): negative control, positive control (OVA only), montelukast (10 mg/kg/day; oral), prednisolone (3 mg/kg/day; oral), salbutamol (2 mg/kg bd/day oral), and salbutamol/prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day & 3 mg/kg/day orally, respectively). Asthma was induced by intraperitoneal 1 mg OVA and 20 mg aluminium hydroxide sensitization on days 1 & 7 followed by 1 mg w/v OVA aerosol challenge twice weekly for the next 28 days, treatment lasted the period of challenge. Serum renal biomarkers (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, fractional sodium excretion) and kidney tissue oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase] were assayed. Histological evaluation was performed on H&E-stained renal sections. Results: Salbutamol, alone or in combination with prednisolone, significantly increased MDA and antioxidant enzyme activities, while reducing total protein, indicating oxidative stress with compensatory upregulation. Serum urea rose in salbutamol-, prednisolone-, and combination-treated groups, whereas creatinine, electrolytes, and sodium excretion remained unchanged, suggesting altered nitrogen metabolism rather than overt dysfunction. Montelukast and prednisolone alone had minimal effects on oxidative markers. Histology confirmed asthma-induced renal inflammation; montelukast provided partial protection, while the salbutamol and salbutamol/prednisolone groups exhibited tub…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Renal oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Salbutamol
  topic: keywords
subject: Montelukast
  topic: keywords
subject: Prednisolone
  topic: keywords
subject: Ovalbumin-induced asthma model
  topic: keywords
creator: O. E. O. Aloamaka
creator: O. J. Nzoputam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 517
ending page: 525
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.7

Radiological Assessment of the Anterior and Middle Cerebral Artery Branching Patterns in Stroke Patients at Afe-Babalola Multi System Hospital, Ado Ekiti
type: item
description: Introduction: Stroke remains a major global health burden and the leading cause of acquired physical disability in adults. In Nigeria, stroke prevalence has been increasing, necessitating deeper insights into anatomical risk factors. Aim: This study aims to assess anatomical branching patterns in cerebral arteries among stroke patients using Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans at Afe Babalola Multi System Hospital between September 2024 and March, 2025. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated MRI scans of 50 stroke patients (32 females, 18 males; mean±SD of age is 50.60±14.10). Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA), was analyzed for branching patterns. Data analysis was conducted using Graphpad prism version 9.0. Results: Different ACA types were identified; Type I (normal configuration) was most prevalent (52.6 percent). Type V (duplicated A1 segment) appeared only in females. MCA pattern analysis revealed the Single Trunk pattern was exclusive to females (9.4 percent), while Early Bifurcation and Trifurcation occurred more in males. Conclusion: Bifurcation emerged as the predominant MCA branching pattern, while the normal Type I variant was the most frequent ACA configuration. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding cerebral arterial pattern types to support accurate diagnosis and safer surgical or interventional planning in stroke patients.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stroke
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  topic: keywords
subject: Cerebral Artery
  topic: keywords
creator: A. A. Oyeleke
creator: T. A. Ajobola
creator: F. O. Ojo
creator: A. E. Adeola
creator: M. A. Oyeleke
creator: H. O. Akinmoladun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 512
ending page: 516
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.6

Comparative histomorphologic and histomorphometric Study of the Hippocampus of African Giant Rats and Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: The hippocampus plays critical roles in learning and memory, and there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the hippocampus in various species in the past 80 years. Aim: This study aims to provide a comparative histomorphology and histomorphometry of the hippocampus of the African giant rats (AGR) and Wistar rats (WR). Methods: Five (5) adult male African giant rats weighing 981 ± 54.1 g and five (5) adult male Wistar rats weighing 202 ± 4.6 g were used for this study. Hippocampal tissues were prepared for cresyl violet and Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining after transcardial perfusion and fixation, first with normal saline to flush out blood cells, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 PBS. Across hippocampus subfields (CA1–CA4, dentate gyrus), sections were examined for cytoarchitecture, layer thickness, pyramidal cell stratification, and neuronal soma diameters. Results: Results showed that the basic hippocampus structure, which includes the dentate gyrus, Cornu Ammonis (CA1–CA4), subiculum, and entorhinal cortex, were similar in both species. However, AGR showed unique characteristics, such as larger neuronal somata, considerably thicker pyramidal cell layers, especially in CA2–CA4 sub-regions (p<0.05), and more densely packed granular cells in the dentate gyrus. These structural variations imply that the AGR has a higher capacity for synaptic integration and cognitive processing than Wistar rats. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the neuroanatomical benefits of the hippocampus of the AGR, bolstering its potential as a substitute rodent model for research on memory, learning, and associated neuropathology.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: African giant rat
  topic: keywords
subject: Wistar rat
  topic: keywords
subject: Hippocampus
  topic: keywords
subject: Histomorphometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparative Anatomy
  topic: keywords
creator: I. L. Usende
creator: A. O. Isa
creator: O. O. Okunlola
creator: A. A. Mobolaji
creator: E. U. Usende
creator: F. O. Oyelowo-Abdulraheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 502
ending page: 511
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.5

Adiposity Indices and Depression Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Evaluating Predictive Utility beyond Body Mass Index
type: item
description: Introduction: Depression is a frequent comorbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet evidence on the predictive utility of adiposity indices beyond body mass index (BMI) remains limited, particularly in Nigeria, where the dual burden of diabetes and mental health disorders is rising. Aim:This study evaluated the association and diagnostic performance of adiposity indices in predicting depression among T2DM patients at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 T2DM patients. Depression status was determined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), with participants divided equally into depressed and non-depressed groups. Seven adiposity indices were assessed: body adiposity index (BAI), BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), conicity index (CI), a body shape index (ABSI), and skinfold thickness (SF). Binary logistic regression was used to assess associations, while diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the Youden Index (YI). Results: The logistic regression model demonstrated a good fit (χ² = 275.47, df = 18, p < 0.001; Hosmer–Lemeshow test: p = 0.55). BAI was positively associated with higher odds of depression (odds ratio (OR) = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.08–4.40, p < 0.05). WHR, WHtR, CI, ABSI, and SF showed negative associations with reduced odds of depression, with SF showing the strongest protective relationship (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06–0.31, p < 0.05). BMI showed no significant association with depression (OR = 0.96, CI: 0.44–2.08, p > 0.05). WHR, CI, and ABSI had moderate predictive value (AUCs = 0.59, 0.57, and 0.58, respectively; p < 0.05). WHR provided the best diagnostic performance (72% sensitivity, 58% specificity, YI = 0.30). Conclusion: WHR and ABSI outperformed BMI in predicting depression risk among Nigerian T2DM patients. Incorporating these indices into clinical screening may strengthen early detection …
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adiposity Indices
  topic: keywords
subject: Depression Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Z. Harisu
creator: M. Mustapha
creator: U. E. Umana
creator: A. N. Agbon
creator: H. L. Sabo
creator: A. Adamu
creator: I. Abdullahi
creator: A. A. Sadeeq
creator: I. A. Aliyu
creator: A. U. Dahiru
creator: A. H. Babankanwa
creator: R. A. Oyewo
creator: I. Ahmed
creator: S. A. Bello
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 493
ending page: 501
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.4

Impact of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure on Neurodevelopmental Indices, Cerebellar and Placenta Morphology in Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: The rising use of cannabis among women of childbearing age raises concerns about its effects on prenatal development. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, crosses the placenta and may affect both maternal and fetal health. Aim: This study examines how prenatal THC exposure influences neurodevelopmental outcomes, cerebellar morphology, and placental function. Methods: Nine adult Wistar rats (12 females, 6 males; 180–220 g) were housed under standard conditions and mated (2:1 ratio). THC was extracted from Cannabis sativa (acquired from NDLEA) using ethanol and solvent-solvent fractionation, then confirmed via thin-layer chromatography. Pregnancy was verified by vaginal plug detection. Pregnant rats were assigned to control or THC-treated groups (150 mg/kg) across defined gestational days. Dams were sacrificed on gestational day 19 for placental analysis; offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 42 for cerebellar morphometric and histological evaluation (H&E staining). Reflex tests assessed cognitive and motor development. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test (p < 0.05). Results: THC exposure significantly reduced fetal (2.48 g vs. 3.27 g) and birth weights (3.65 g vs. 4.7 g). Placental weights and areas also declined. Reflex performance (righting, forelimb/hindlimb grasp, cliff avoidance, eye opening) was impaired. Histology showed significant reductions in junctional and labyrinth zone nuclei and areas. Conclusion: Prenatal THC exposure impairs fetal growth, neurodevelopment, and placental integrity. These findings emphasize the risks of cannabis use during pregnancy and the urgent need for public awareness and further research into mitigating strategies.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
  topic: keywords
subject: neurodevelopment
  topic: keywords
subject: cerebellum
  topic: keywords
subject: placenta
  topic: keywords
creator: D. O. Taiwo-Ola
creator: I. A. Suleiman
creator: O. F. Shallie
creator: O. A. Bamgbose
creator: L. A. Adelakin
creator: K. M. Abdulsalam
creator: M. E. Oresanya
creator: P. O. Idowu
creator: R. O. Ifarajimi
creator: P. B. Fakunle
creator: P. D. Shallie
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 485
ending page: 492
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.3

Histological and Hormonal Changes of Methanol Seed Extract of Azanza Garckeana on the Uterus of Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Introduction: Unconfirmed safety margin of herbal plants could cause uterine toxicity. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hormonal and histological changes in the uterus of female Wistar rats following the administration of methanol seed extract of Azanza garckeana (MEAG) seed. Methodolody: Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity of the MEAG seed was conducted using Up and Down method. Twenty-five female Wistar rats with weight 150 -190g and at least two consecutive regular estrous cycle were divided into five groups of 5 rats each, receiving 1 ml/Kg body weight of normal saline for control, 250, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg body weight of MEAG, intraperitoneally for eight days. Doses were extrapolated as published. After sacrifice, body weight was measured, serum hormonal levels were assayed for progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenizing hormone (LH) and estrogen; uterus were weighed and processed histologically. Results: There was reduction in body weight in the 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight group, increase in uterine weight in all groups, levels of estrogen were increased in the 250mg, 1000mg and 1500mg/Kg body weight and progesterone, FSH and LH levels decreased in all groups though not significant. No significant change in uterine histology. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the uterine epithelium in high dose groups. Conclusion The study shows that the extract is relatively safe on the uterus and female reproductive hormones except for weight loss at high doses.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Azanza garckeana
  topic: keywords
subject: Uterus
  topic: keywords
subject: Female reproductive hormones
  topic: keywords
subject: Toxicity
  topic: keywords
creator: E. Johnson
creator: F. Uyai
creator: B. Enoobong
creator: A. Uduakobong
creator: V. C. Ezeuko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-02
publication date: 2026-08-02
starting page: 477
ending page: 484
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.2

Human Brain Weight in Relation to Age and Gender among the Autopsies at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Introduction: The average weight of the human brain typically ranges from 1300 to 1400 grams; however, there is a limited amount of data in Africa on human brain weight. It has been reported that the weight of human organs including the brain, depends on age, sex, and socioeconomic conditions hence this brings about differences in organ weight of humans. Aim: The aim and objective of this study is to compare weight of human brains of all ages and genders. Methods: The research was conducted in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ife (OAUTHC). A total 578 (295 male & 283 Female) autopsies specimen from OAUTHC were used for this study. Autopsies with the diseases of central nervous system were excluded. The data from this study was grouped into age groups of ten years interval from 0-10 to 80-90 for both genders. The results were analysed using Graph Pad Prism version 8.4.3.686 using one-way ANOVA. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean brain weight was 1367g and 1239g for males and females respectively and the difference was significant. The heaviest brains were found to fall in the age group 31-40 & 41-50 for males and 21-30 for females presents that the maximum brain weight for males was found in the age group 30-40 and that of females in the 31-35 age group and 36-40 age group. Conclusion: We concluded that African brain weight is almost the same as that of Caucasian brain weight. And there is a significant difference between male and female brain weight.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Human brain
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: weight
  topic: keywords
creator: M. O. Oladimeji
creator: B. J. Olusode
creator: T. A. Edward
creator: T. M. Adediran
creator: A. O. Ibitoye
creator: W. S. Alfred
creator: S. S. Edward
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-02
publication date: 2026-08-02
starting page: 473
ending page: 476
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i3.1

Assessment of Asymmetry in Thalamic Nuclei volume in Nigerian Parkinson's Disease Patients
type: item
description: Background and aim: Emerging evidence suggests that asymmetrical alterations in thalamic gray matter may represent a key neuroanatomical feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the expression of these structural changes remains underexplored within African populations. This study examines thalamic asymmetry in a Nigerian cohort of PD patients, aiming to elucidate population-specific patterns of neurodegeneration and their relationship to sociodemographic variables. Methodology: Twenty-two individuals diagnosed with PD and thirty-four age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Participant demographics, including age, socioeconomic status (SES), and educational attainment, were documented in accordance with Committee on Best Practice in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS) guidelines. High-resolution T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired using a 1.5T system and processed via FSL_Anat, with thalamic nuclei segmented and volumetrically assessed using FreeSurfer version 7.3.2. Group comparisons were conducted using independent t-tests, while correlational analyses assessed associations between thalamic volumes and age, SES, and education levels. Results: The present study shows symmetry in the Thalamic nuclei of Parkinson's Disease patients as no significant differences were observed between the left and right thalamic nuclei (P>0.05). There was also interhemispheric symmetry of the thalamic nuclei observed in the control subjects except in the Pc nuclei (p=0.0094).The correlation analysis analysing association between the thalamic nuclei volume and the demographics of the data subjects showed significant asymmetry in the Ventral Anterior magnocellular (VAmc) nucleus of the thalamus among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, with a p-value of 0.038, indicating a notable lateralization in this motor-related subregion. Additionally, we observed that female patients exhibited reduced VAmc asymmetry compared to males (p = 0.012), highlighting a sex-specific pattern in tha…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parkinson’s disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Volumetric Assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Thalamic nuclei
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigerians
  topic: keywords
creator: E. Wogu
creator: P. Filima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-31
publication date: 2026-08-31
starting page: 191
ending page: 201
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i1.25

Tubo-Ovarian (Adnexal) Ectopic Gravidae: Comparative Analysis of 2 Cases
type: item
description: Ectopic pregnancy occurs as a result of conceptus external to the endometrial cavity. It is a major cause of maternal mortality. Published case notes on this phenomenon fails to make accurate diagnosis of tubal conceptus. Incidence of ectopic pregnancy averages about 2.2% of all gravidae and is a leading cause of female mortality globally. A 30-year-old nulliparous woman registered at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda with complain of upper pelvic pain on the right groin and iliac region for 4 days and amenorrhea for 6 weeks. Pelvic ultrasound showed right unruptured tubo-ovarian pregnancy with a fetal pole corresponding to 7 weeks + 1 day gestational age. Eight weeks later the pregnancy resulted in a missed abortion. A second (asymptomatic) ectopic case in a woman of reproductive age is reported. Incidental sonographic finding confirmed an adnexal mass containing a yolk sac coupled with high levels of beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) in blood and urine; this in sexually active females of pubertal age is a positive ectopic gravida except proven otherwise. It was 6 weeks + 1 day gestational age and later terminated by elective surgery. Both cases were compared with normal intra-uterine pregnancy of 8weeks + 5days gestational age. It should be noted that past uterine surgical operation may ‘alter’ uterine physiologic environment to increase the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy. Tubal-Ring Sign in tubal gravidae is observed by a roundish hyperechoic ring surrounding the extra uterine gestational sac.
subject: Case Reports
  topic: section
subject: Ectopic pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: ultrasound
  topic: keywords
subject: gravida
  topic: keywords
subject: yolk sac
  topic: keywords
subject: conceptus
  topic: keywords
creator: A. M. Afodun
creator: A. Jabo
creator: M. Mukangendo
creator: V. Maniraho
creator: M. A. Masud
creator: F. X. Akimuhana
creator: F. T. Niyonkuru
creator: P. Iradukunda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-31
publication date: 2026-08-31
starting page: 186
ending page: 190
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i1.24

Toxicity effects of energy drinks in combination with alcohol on the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats
type: item
description: Background and aim: Alcohol in combination with energy drink becomes a popular combined drink among young and old people, for different reasons. This study aimed at investigating the acute toxicity associated with energy drinks in combination with alcohol on the cerebellum of adult Wistar rats. Methodology: A total of 40 Male weight 121-134g and were divided into four groups, Red bull + Alcohol, Herbal Energy Drink+ Alcohol and Alcohol + Red bull + Herbal Energy Drink, as experimental groups and control group, and each group comprises of 7 rats each. Group Red bull + Alcohol (2.4ml), Herbal Energy Drink+ Alcohol (2.4ml) and Alcohol + Red bull + Herbal Energy Drink received (3.6ml), while control group received distilled water for a period of 28 days. After administration, they were euthanized using cervical dislocation, and the brains were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for analysis. Results: The results showed significant increase (p<0.05), in body weight of the treated groups Red bull + Alcohol (87.66±2.04), Herbal Energy Drink + Alcohol (107.97±1.19) and Red bull + Herbal Energy Drink + Alcohol (93.77±1.22), compared to the control. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) decreases statistically (p<0.05), in energy drinks in combination with alcohol compared to control while Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased statistically (p<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed that energy drinks in combination with alcohol induced neuroinflammation. Conclusion: Our results suggested that energy drinks consumption with alcohol causes an inflammatory response and oxidative stress lending to neuronal death cell.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy Drink
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbal Drink
  topic: keywords
subject: Alcohol
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Cerebellum
  topic: keywords
creator: P. U. Lukpata
creator: O. Ini-Ibehe
creator: B. B. Runyi
creator: W. A. Alfred
creator: E. A. Kingsley
creator: A. A. Oremosu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 179
ending page: 185
doi: 10.4314/jeca.v22i1.23